Mitochondrial DNA length variation in Dicentrurchus Zubrux is the outcome of the simultaneous variation in the copy number of two tandem repeat arrays located in the D-loop region. The repeated sequences, named R17 and R48, are 17 and 48 bp long, respectively. On the basis of 209 individuals collected in eight Mediterranean localities, length variation and its partitioning between the two repea...

This paper studies the entry of new competitors in public transport like long distance busses that compete with rail. A stylized model is used that analyzes the addition of a new more direct line in an existing network. We show that the introduction of the new line is only beneficial if there are relatively many users that want to use the new direct line. Our result raises serious concerns with...

The UK Road Fund was set up in 1921 and financed by earmarked taxes, but was unsuccessful as a form of road finance and abandoned in 1937. The paper examines why earmarking failed and what problems arise for replacing road taxes by hypothecated road charges. These charges would need to be regulated and could evolve into a more efficient system of road pricing. The paper claims that recent exper...

We analyse congestion pricing in a road and rail network, where the two modes are imperfect substitutes. On the road there is bottleneck congestion; in each train there is crowding congestion. We model two dimensions of preference heterogeneity, where these two dimensions have opposite effects on the welfare impact of congestion pricing and lead to different distributional effects. The distribu...

We analyse congestion pricing in a road and rail network, where the two modes are imperfect substitutes. On the road there is bottleneck congestion; in each train there is crowding congestion. We model two dimensions of preference heterogeneity; these two dimensions have opposite effects on the welfare impact of congestion pricing and lead to different distributional effects. The distributional...

Fiscal instruments are potentially among the most effective, and cost-effective, options for addressing externalities related to poor air quality, urban road congestion, and greenhouse gases. This paper takes a case study, focused on Mauritius (a pioneer in the use of green taxes) to illustrate how existing taxes, especially on fuels and vehicles, could be reformed to better address these exter...

This paper examines the application of price-cap regulation to the UK airport industry, with particular reference to the expansion of London-Stansted. This expansion is relevant to the debate concerning investment incentives inherent in the RPI–X approach and whether the UK style of regulation encourages the ‘sweating of assets’ at the expense of new investment. Stansted’s expansion also sugges...

While bringing positive impacts and benefits, cross-border infrastructure projects face additional challenges relative to national projects. Moreover, such projects involve a variety of technical, regulatory, institutional, and legal factors, and their obstacles constrain the development of cross-border infrastructure projects. This paper argues that proper technical specifications and well-fun...

In this paper, the 2f/1f tunable diode laser wavelength modulation spectroscopy is used for the simultaneous measurement of concentration and temperature of CO2 in the exhaust plume of an aero engine. The suitability of the R48 spectral feature of CO2 at 1997.2 nm is discussed for this project and for further application of CO2 tomographic imaging on large-scale aero-engines. To ensure accurate...