design and construction of efficient and economic reinforced concrete (r.c.) hyperbolic cooling towers have driven the engineers toward the design of tall and thin-shell towers which have considerable high slenderness aspect ratio. consequently, the shell of r.c. cooling towers with relative high slenderness aspect ratio is extremely prone to buckling instability due to wind loading. to increas...

Water cooling by ambient takes place with two mechanisms of heat and mass transfer. Using packings at wet cooling towers has disadvantages such as obstruction, reduction of life expectancy and production of algae and fungi. In shower cooling towers types of towers packings are completely removed and water intake is in direct contact and heat transfer takes place in two ways of latent and sensib...

The aim of the current study is to develop a numerical tool that is capable of achieving an optimum shape and design of hyperbolic cooling towers based on coupling a non-linear finite element model developed in-house and a genetic algorithm optimization technique. The objective function is set to be the minimum weight of the tower. The geometric modeling of the tower is represented by means of ...

In this paper we construct, for n ≥ 2, arbitrarily large families of infinite towers of compact, orientable Riemannian n-manifolds which are isospectral but not isometric at each stage. In dimensions two and three, the towers produced consist of hyperbolic 2-manifolds and hyperbolic 3-manifolds, and in these cases we show that the isospectral towers do not arise from Sunada’s method.

Three cases of Legionella pneumophila infection were identified in Sydney's west in November 1998. Epidemiological investigations identified an association with one workplace. Environmental sampling revealed that the cooling towers in the workplace, and at 2 other premises within a 1 km radius of the workplace, were positive for L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (LP1) which was indistinguishable from ...

OBJECTIVE To study the source of non-outbreak legionnaires' disease, particularly the role of cooling towers, by comparing the locations of patients' homes in relation to the location of cooling towers. DESIGN Retrospective, descriptive study of a case series of patients with legionnaires' disease ill between 1978 and 1986 and, for comparison, a case series of patients with lung cancer. A pro...