patients afflicted with chronic pain have both physical and psychological problems. this research investigated the impact of the psychological factors in the treatment results of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (tens) in the patients afflicted with chronic diseases. the subjects were 37 individuals (20 males and 17 females) with the mean age of 46 who had referred to two centers of ...

objective: substance abuse is a socio-psychological disorder. the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy with 12-steps narcotics anonymous on psychological well-being of opiate dependent individuals in addiction treatment centers in shiraz, iran. method: this was a randomized controlled trial. data were collected at entry into the study and at po...

objective: in geriatric practice, the impact of psychological distress on health status has been undermined due to ageism, atypical presentation and less tendency to report negative affect among elderly people. few studies have examined the impact of psychological stressors on medical burden in older adults. the current study has investigated the correlation of psychological distress and burden...

abstract introduction: scl-90-r inventory is used for screening and assessing effect of some treatment. its sensitivity depended on environmental factors there are many shortcomings of its normalization in our community. objective: to normalize scl-90-r inventory in guilan high-school students in the years of 2003-2004. materials and methods: in a cross-sectional study, 4015 subjects were selec...

Some studies have found that extinction leaves response structures unaltered; others have found that response variability is increased. Responding by Long-Evans rats was extinguished after 3 schedules. In one, reinforcement depended on repetitions of a particular response sequence across 3 operanda. In another, sequences were reinforced only if they varied. In the third, reinforcement was yoked...

In Part 1 of the experiment, rats responded under a variable-interval (VI) 30-s schedule and a VI 120-s schedule, with each in effect for a block of consecutive sessions. That is, the two VI schedules were presented in successive conditions. In Part 2 the VI schedules alternated each day, and in Part 3 the schedules alternated within the session as a multiple schedule. For half of the rats in P...

Resurgence has commonly been viewed as the recovery of an extinguished instrumental behavior that occurs when an alternative behavior that has replaced it is also extinguished. Three experiments with rat subjects examined the effects on resurgence of the temporal distribution of reinforcement for the alternative behavior that is presented while the first response is being eliminated. Experiment...