‎‎Let $R$ be a commutative ring with identity and let $M$ be an $R$-module‎. ‎We define the primary spectrum of $M$‎, ‎denoted by $mathcal{PS}(M)$‎, ‎to be the set of all primary submodules $Q$ of $M$ such that $(operatorname{rad}Q:M)=sqrt{(Q:M)}$‎. ‎In this paper‎, ‎we topologize $mathcal{PS}(M)$ with a topology having the Zariski topology on the prime spectrum $operatorname{Spec}(M)$ as a sub...

collaborative spectrum sensing (css) is an effective approach to improve the detection performance in cognitive radio (cr) networks. inherent characteristics of the cr have imposed some additional security threats to the networks. one of the common threats is primary user emulation attack (puea). in puea, some malicious users try to imitate primary signal characteristics and defraud the cr user...

Cognitive radio (CR) technology has been suggested for effective use of spectral resources. Spectrum sensing is one of the main operations of CR users to identify the vacant frequency bands. Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is used to increase the performance of CR networks by providing spatial diversity. The accuracy of spectrum sensing is the most important challenge in the CSS process sinc...

Introduction: Unfolding X-ray spectrum is a powerful tool for quality control of X-ray tubes. Generally, the acquisition of the X-ray spectrum in diagnostic radiology departments is complicated and difficult due to high photon flux. Measurement of x ray spectra using radiation detectors could not be performed accurately, because of the pulse pile up. Therefore, indirect methods...

In this paper, we define the new notion of quasi-prime ideal which generalizes at once both prime ideal and primary ideal notions. Then a natural topology on the set of quasi-prime ideals of a ring is introduced which admits the Zariski topology as a subspace topology. The basic properties of the quasi-prime spectrum are studied and several interesting results are obtained. Specially, it is pro...

epidemiological studies have shown wide geographical and racial variation in the prevalence and patterns of immunodeficiency disorders. to determine the frequency of primary immunodeficiencies (pid) in iran, the iranian primary immunodeficiencies registry (ipidr) was organized in 1999. the diagnosis of immunodeficiency in our patients was based on standard criteria. the patient’s data were extr...