introduction: the penetration depth of irrigating solutions in dentinal tubules is limited; consequently, bacteria can remain inside dentinal tubules after the cleaning and shaping of the root canal system. therefore, new irrigation systems are required to increase the penetration depth of irrigating solutions in dentinal tubules. methods: a comparative study regarding the penetration depth of ...

We perform Large eddy simulations of turbulent compressible convection in stellar-type convection zones by solving the Naviér-Stokes equations in three dimensions. We estimate the extent of penetration into the stable layer above a stellar-type convection zone by varying the rotation rate (Ω), the inclination of the rotation vector (θ) and the relative stability (S) of the upper stable layer Th...

drying of green peas in a fluidized bed dryer (fbd) with inert particle, heated by combined sources of hot air and infrared (ir) radiation, has been experimentally and theoretically studied. for this purpose, an experimental set up was constructed. this setup was composed of a cylindrical bed dryer containing some inert particles which are fluidized by hot air. some infrared lamps were also pla...

introduction: controversial results have been reported when organic acids, ultrasonic instruments and laser techniques were used to remove smear layer in endodontic treatments. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of removing debris and smear layer by er,cr:ysgg laser irradiation on the apical leakage of retrograde cavities. materials and methods: in this ex vivo study, 24 extracted...

In some living cells the order of penetration of certain cations corresponds to that of their mobilities in water. This has led to the idea that electrolytes pass chiefly as ions through the protoplasmic surface in which the order of ionic mobilities is supposed to correspond to that found in water. If this correspondence could be demonstrated it would not prove that electrolytes pass chiefly a...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa can penetrate the layer of mucus formed by host intestinal epithelial cells, often resulting in sepsis in immunocompromised patients. We have previously demonstrated that P. aeruginosa can penetrate the mucin layer by flagellar motility and the degradation of the mucin layer. However, it remains unclear how P. aeruginosa initially recognizes epithelial cells. Using the hu...

To study the effects of spudcan penetration on the adjacent foundations of offshore platforms, experiments and numerical simulations (using business software ABAQUS) are carried out. It is shown that the penetration of spudcan can cause the soil layer affected in an annular zone. The affected zone has a maximum width of one times the diameter of the spudcan. The deflection of the platform’s fou...

In hair beauty treatments such as permanent waving and hair coloring, and in daily treatments using shampoo and hair conditioner, most of the hair care products are used under wet conditions. Therefore, it is important to understand how water-soluble products penetrate into hair. The structural information of hair in aqueous solutions seems essential for understanding the penetration mechanism....