(1.1) 0 −→ N f −−→M g −−→ P −→ 0 which is exact at N , M , and P . That means f is injective, g is surjective, and im f = ker g. Example 1.1. For an R-module M and submodule N , there is a short exact sequence 0 // N // M // M/N // 0, where the map N →M is the inclusion and the map M →M/N is reduction modulo N . Example 1.2. For R-modules N and P , the direct sum N ⊕ P fits into the short exact...