This paper proposes a theoretical explanation for the impact of ‘social expectation’ on the growth of civil society in Japan. Why has civil society developed as it has in Japan? Contrary to the image of Japan as a ‘strong and controlling’ nation-state, we find that private citizens—the nongovernmental organization (NGO) leaders, scholars on community planning, and younger liberal politicians—se...

background and objectives: one of the latent and consequential factors of facilitation of organizational justice is staff members’ level of organizational commitment. the present study aimed at surveying the relationships between various dimensions of organizational justice with organizational commitment and job satisfaction of staff of a medical university. methods: 263 staff members were elig...

Although it is widely acknowledged that nonprofit agencies are critical actors in the nation's social service arena, few studies to date have investigated how the 1996 welfare reform legislation affected them. This article reports on one component of a research project in southeast Michigan that explored how the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 transformed...