currently much debate, attention and concern surrounds the use of genetically modified plants or animals. but there has not been much concern about microorganisms, although we all are aware of the place of microorganisms in the circle of life, their abundance and diversity. there are many examples regarding the application of genetically engineered microorganisms (gems), however, like other hig...

objective: in dental treatments, use of carriers for targeted antibiotic delivery would be optimal to efficiently decrease microbial count. in this study, gentamicin was loaded into polylactic co-glycolic acid (plga) microspheres and its release pattern was evaluated for 20 days.   methods: in this experimental study, plga microspheres loaded with gentamycin were produced by the w/o/w method. t...

  Objective: In dental treatments, use of carriers for targeted antibiotic delivery would be optimal to efficiently decrease microbial count. In this study, gentamicin was loaded into polylactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microspheres and its release pattern was evaluated for 20 days.   Methods: In this experimental study, PLGA microspheres loaded with gentamycin were produced by the W/O/W method....

the possibility of manufacturing and effects of a slow release non-protein nitrogen product on ruminant nutrition were evaluated in two separate experiments. in first experiment, making of slow release component was followed by connecting branched carbon chain to the molecule of urea to reduce the degree of solubility. then, the sample product was analyzed to assess its chemical structure, and ...

dissolved organic nitrogen (don) can react with disinfectants to produce numerous disinfectionbyproducts (dbps), particularly nitrogen-containing dbps (n-dbps), and produce serious adverse effectson public health. widely used biological processes in drinking water treatment can increase don in effluents,and enhance these ill effects. this study investigated don in a full-scale two-stage ozonati...

dissolved organic nitrogen (don) can react with disinfectants to produce numerous disinfectionbyproducts (dbps), particularly nitrogen-containing dbps (n-dbps), and produce serious adverse effectson public health. widely used biological processes in drinking water treatment can increase don in effluents,and enhance these ill effects. this study investigated don in a full-scale two-stage ozonati...

Microbial nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) describes the partitioning of organic N taken up between growth and the release of inorganic N to the environment (that is, N mineralization), and is thus central to our understanding of N cycling. Here we report empirical evidence that microbial decomposer communities in soil and plant litter regulate their NUE. We find that microbes retain most immobili...

The fate of fuel releases largely depends on the poorly-understood response in microbial community structure and function. Here, we evaluate the impacts to the microbial community resulting from a pilot-scale continuous release (10 months) of a 10% v:v ethanol solution mixed with benzene and toluene (50 mg/L each). Microbial population shifts were characterized by pyrosequencing-based 16S rRNA ...

A major factor contributing to the failure of orthopedic and orthodontic implants is post-surgical infection. Coating metallic implant surfaces with anti-microbial agents has shown promise but does not always prevent the formation of bacterial biofilms. Furthermore, breakdown of these coatings within the human body can cause release of the anti-microbial drugs in an uncontrolled or unpredictabl...

Bacteriophage are voracious predators of bacteria and a major determinant in shaping bacterial life strategies. Many phage species are virulent, meaning that infection leads to certain death of the host and immediate release of a large batch of phage progeny. Despite this apparent voraciousness, bacteria have stably coexisted with virulent phages for eons. Here, using individual-based stochasti...