Geographic environment is a combination of natural and cultural environments under which humans survive. Virtual Geographic Environment (VGE) is a new multi-disciplinary initiative that links geosciences, geographic information sciences and information technologies. A VGE is a virtual representation of the natural world that enables a person to explore and interact with vast amounts of natural ...

Abstract The function of students’ email requests to faculty is both transactional and interactional. Students’ emails are not only sent with the aim receiving some form service but they also need adhere interactional language in order establish maintain social relationships. Therefore, how address their lecturers much directness appropriate performed through this medium, most difficult choices...

Road networks are important for modelling the urban geographic environment. It is necessary to determine the spatial relationships of road intersections when using maps to help researchers conduct virtual urban geographic experiments (because a road intersection might occur as a connected cross or as an unconnected bridge overpass). Based on the concept of using different map layers to organize...

In this paper we discuss the types of functional knowledge about an environment an autonomous agent can use in order to act effectively. We show (1) how an agent can use knowledge of regularities to act efficiently, and (2) how a designer can simplify building useful sensors.

This paper describes a navigation system for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) in partially structured environments, such as dams, harbors, marinas, and marine platforms. A mechanically scanned imaging sonar is used to obtain information about the location of vertical planar structures present in such environments. A robust voting algorithm has been developed to extract line features, toget...