abstract this study reviews the direct and indirect effects of higher energy and bread prices (due to removing their subsidies and paying their equivalent in cash instead). therefore, all consumer goods were classified into 6 groups and a linear expenditure system was estimated based on households’ budget data of 2009 and 2011 for urban and rural areas separately. the results indicate that high...

When 'income' in a system of demand equations is defined as total expenditure, actual expenditure on any commodity must lie between zero and income, or equivalently, budget shares must lie between zero and one. But models for expenditures or shares are often the sum of deterministic components (predicted values), which are functions of prices and income, and disturbances, usually assumed multiv...

This paper commences from a new indirect utility function and derives the corresponding system of equations, relating commodity demands to prices and income, that satisfies the constraints imposed by utility maximisation (aggregation, homogeneity, Slutsky symmetry and negativity). As the famous linear expenditure system (LES) is a special case of this new system, it is named the generalised Sto...

Existing studies of fiscal policy interactions are based on single equation models of either taxation or expenditures, without specifying the underlying social welfare function, without taking account of budget constraints and without allowing for cost differences between jurisdictions. Taking all this into account, we derive an extended version of the linear expenditure system (LES) with polic...

this study has been conducted for the first time in iran, by contingent valuation method (cvm) and using extended linear expenditure system (eles) to estimate nonrnarket services of gerebygan manmade forest. according to this study the existance value of three principal nonrnarket services including climat regulation, erosion control and habitat/refugia estimated respectively at 32250934930 ria...

Abstract This study reviews the direct and indirect effects of higher energy and bread prices (due to removing their subsidies and paying their equivalent in cash instead). Therefore, all consumer goods were classified into 6 groups and a linear expenditure system was estimated based on households’ budget data of 2009 and 2011 for urban and rural areas separately. The results indicate that hi...