having a look at the history of iran, one can realize that, the foundation of governorship in this country was based on two factors, religious belief and tradition, as the safavids came to power according to the former category and ruled for more than two centuries. the fall of the safavid dynasty not only ended their ruling, but decreased their holiness drastically. therefore, from then on the...

Working as a clerk in Hokand Khanate and general secretary of khans being one the most esteemed honourable individuals that era, Ziyabiddin Magzumi was statesman who lived nineteenth century. Magzumi, whose exact birth death dates are unknown, completed manuscript work called – “History Fergana Khans”- which consisted 833 leaves or 1666 pages. Written Old Chagatai language, this written from 18...

When Karim met Nelson Mandela for the second time in 2000, he had his camera in tow, ready to capture a photo of him shaking the hand of his hero. Mandela later wrote the foreword to Karim and his wife's book, HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Karim has witnessed the emergence and exponential growth of the AIDS epidemic in his country, along with the concurrent explosion of tuberculosis. To reverse the...

Incumbent prime ministers who win re-election often reshuffle their cabinet ministers. These post-election reshuffles have important implications for policymaking and present a puzzle: why would alter the ‘winning team’ that has just received an electoral mandate? Existing literature largely overlooked reshuffles, so offers few compelling answers. At most, plausible but under-theorised untested...

The use of coercion to pursue dominance over rivals is often seen as a defining feature more ‘authoritarian’ and ‘hybrid’ political systems. In many contexts however, it also routine part democracy. difference between these arrangements then lies not so much in the presence violence per se, but how precisely they are organised institutionally deployed. This examined here through case Bangladesh...

Mohammad Ataul Karim is professor of electrical and computer engineering and vice president for research of Old Dominion University in Virginia, with expertise on computing, electro-optical displays and systems, information processing, and pattern recognition. Professor Karim is an elected fellow of the Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Optical Society of America (OSA)...

Animal behaviour studies have begun to incorporate the influence of the social environment, providing new opportunities for studying signal strategies and evolution. We examined how the presence and sex of an audience influenced aggression and victory display behaviour in field-captured and laboratory-reared field crickets (Gryllus veletis). Audience type, rearing environment and their interact...