Kalam is a Trans New Guinea language of Papua New Guinea. Kalam has two distinct vowel types: full vowels /a e o/, which are of relatively long duration and stressed, and reduced central vowels, which are shorter and often unstressed, and occur predictably within word-internal consonant clusters and in monoconsonantal utterances. The predictable nature of the reduced vowels has led earlier rese...

Yishai Cohen raises three related objections to the kalam cosmological argument . Firstly, Cohen argues that, if the argument against the possibility of an actual infinite, which is used to support the kalam cosmological argument, is sound, then a predetermined endless future must also be impossible . Secondly, Cohen argues that the possibility of a predetermined endless future entails the poss...

The research presented focuses on genetic variation in the Gainj- and Kalam-speaking peoples of highland Papua New Guinea. The primary data are typings at 51 genetic loci observed on 600 individuals who reside in 21 census units, called parishes. These data are augmented by cultural and demographic information that has also been collected. Parish sizes are small, ranging from 20 to about 200 in...

The strength of this book by Dr. Kalam is that it has been written in an easy to understand language, where he presents some of the most difficult issues our country is facing today in a very simple way. The book has been divided into nine short chapters, each one of them dealing with various themes. Each chapter begins with a quote and ends with a summary giving the reader something to think a...

the philosophy of kalam science is an external view about kalam that focuses on conceptual and confirmative principles like: definition, subject, the origins of emanation, approaches, historical stages, and other general criteria. from martyr motahharii’s point of view the function of kalam, as a completely islamic knowledge is the clarification of islamic proofs and defense of religious misgiv...

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The science of kalam is the that discusses divine problems and various related to them based on convincing arguments. Kalam also called monotheism, aqidah, ushuludin, Fiqh al-akbar because it issue belief which subject religious teachings discussion. essence make us more confident in what we believe Allah arguments naqli aqli. main problem Science lies three issues, namely Essence God Himself w...

The patterning of allele frequency variability among 18 local groups of Gainj and Kalam speakers of highland Papua New Guinea is investigated using new genetic distance methods. The genetic distances proposed here are obtained by decomposing Sewall Wright's coefficient FST into a set of coefficients corresponding to all pairs of population subdivisions. Two statistical methods are given to esti...