ziyād b. ‘ubayd, as one of the four arab ingenious figures, had a very impressive role in consolidation of the foundations of umayyads’ rule. as the son of ‘ubayd, the anatolian salve of ḥārith b. kalda thaqafī, and sumayya, his infamous slave girl, he was put in mu‘āwiya service after his adoption by abū sufyān in 44/664 and a year later was appointed as the governor of baṣra. ziyād’s manageri...

thermoluminescence (tl) dating was established in oxford to fulfil the demand for dating ceramics and other heated man made products (aitken, 1985).  it determines the time elapsed since the mineral grains have been heated. following the establishment of tl dating method, it was used to date fired materials such as pottery, flint and etc. optically stimulated luminescence (osl) determines the t...