one of the most functional reasons in the methodology of islamic principles and jurisprudence as well as law is istiṣḥāb (presumption of continuity). istiṣḥāb is judgment on the continuity of what has existed in the past. most of the legal theoreticians, after waḥīd bihbahānī, believe that istiṣḥāb is a practical principle; however, further research into the evidences for the validity of istiṣḥ...

although ‘allāma ḥillī and shaykh anṣārī have pointed out the feature of confirmation (iḥrāz) in some of the practical principles, its refinement has been one of mīrzā-yi nā’īnī’s initiatives. he divided the practical principles into “confirming and non-confirming. the confirming principle determines the practical duty of the religiously ccountable (mukallaf) in view of reality, such as: istiṣḥ...