contemplation in devine books to obtain earthly rules and regulations has given rise to contradictory controversies. in islam there is a disagreement between the traditionists and the rationalists. the traditionists claim that the quran is addressed only to the prophet and the imams, who are innocent. therefore, common people do not have the ability to infer precepts from the quran, being liabl...

it is said that the local historiography of iran – as a part of local historiography in islamic civilization – began after the widespread political, social, scientific, and cultural changes in various regions of iran and with khurāsān as its pioneer. but all the writers who have commented in this respect have disregarded the monographs that the traditionists of iraq school of historiography hav...

nayshābūr achieved considerable scholarly growth in the 3rd-6th/9th-12th centuries that was coupled with some ups and downs. this scholarly and academic growth was associated with desirable economic conditions. one of the instances of desirable economic conditions in nayshābūr was manifested in the scholars’ livelihood, and therefore, the scholars’ academic progress was to some extent dependent...

Hadith al-Iftiraqis a famous hadith attributed to Prophet Muhammad (s) in many Shi‘i and Sunni hadith collections, as well as in heresiographical sources. Among many books written by contemporary heresiographers, few have failed to mention this hadith in their writings. Many Shi‘i and Sunni traditionists have collected the traditions that deal with the future of the Muslim ummah under such titl...

the emergence of rationalist and traditionist approaches among moslems was the result of attention to different verses of the holy quran, some denoting reasoning and some denoting devotion. these different approaches to quran led to the formation of mo'tazele and asha'arites schools among the sunnites and osuliyyun (rationalists) and traditionists among the shiites. this difference wa...