depending on his own intellectual system, iqbāl stresses the eastern wisdom of eastern people and muslims and challenges the western schools of thought including materialism and nihilism. his philosophy is composed of reasoning, mysticism, quran, hadith, love, spiritual concern, self-consciousness, awakening, passion and includes transcendental theory and action. he believes that the western ra...

Muhammad Iqbal’s cultural, literary, and philosophical influence on the Indian subcontinent, especially his impact on the events that led to the birth of the state of Pakistan cannot be denied.  Prior to visiting Europe, Iqbāl had gained profound understanding of Islamic teachings.  While in Europe, he acquired deep knowledge of Western scholarship and was also exposed to Western philosophical ...