the present article has been prepared based on two field research studies undertaken to identify the vulnerable strata in rural areas of iran’s garmsar and dasht-e azadegan regions2. as will be demonstrated below, the findings of the two studies show that the development policies implemented during recent decades--policies emphasizing strategies of structural adjustment, liberalization, and pri...

The rural urban food consumption patterns are estimated and compared in Pakistan in the present study. The Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIEs), 1998-99 data published by the Federal Bureau of Statistics, Islamabad is used. The rural urban food consumption analysis at household level is carried out by dividing the households into five income groups at national and provincial levels. The ...

The present study aims to investigate income distribution in Zanjan Province, for which the statistics of cost-income of the households in rural areas of Abhar County were used. They were available in the Statistical Center of Iran. In order to measure income distribution, the indicators of Lorenz curve, the Gini coefficient, the proportion of high-income groups to low-income groups, as well as...

I consider how the saving behavior of consumers is affected by incomes in their reference group. Although standard life cycle models with interdependent preferences provide no clear cut prediction of how incomes in one’s reference group should influence savings, the empirical analysis points to an unambiguously negative effect: If incomes in the reference group are higher, savings are lower. Th...

differing consumption patterns among individuals along with relative commodity price changes has made inflation effects differ from one person to another. on the other hand, inflation continues to be a general phenomenon in iranian economy. the impacts of price changes on rural poverty have been hereby investigated. for this, market price fluctuations in rural areas of fars province during the ...

BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) related deaths is not only the prime cause of mortality in the world, it has also continued to increase in the low and middle income countries. Hence, this study examines the relationship between CVD risk factors and socioeconomic variables in Malaysia, which is a rapidly growing middle income nation undergoing epidemiologic transition. METHODS Using da...

BACKGROUND To better understand income-related inequalities in health care use, it is imperative to identify sources of inequalities and assess the extent to which health care use is still related to income after differences in need across the income distribution are accounted for. Little is known regarding rural-urban differences in income-related inequalities and subgroup variation in horizon...

With the reforms of the Chinese economy, an enormous new moving population of rural-urban migrants is transforming the rural and urban labor force. Expected rural-urban income differences are used instead of absolute income diversity, namely the migrant is motivated by predictable income streams over time rather than by current earnings. Also, the employment opportunity is not exclusive determi...

STUDY OBJECTIVES Few studies have analysed the rates and correlates of physical activity in economically and geographically diverse populations. Objectives were to examine: (1) urban-rural differences in physical activity by several demographic, geographical, environmental, and psychosocial variables, (2) patterns in environmental and policy factors across urban-rural setting and socioeconomic ...

abstract this study reviews the direct and indirect effects of higher energy and bread prices (due to removing their subsidies and paying their equivalent in cash instead). therefore, all consumer goods were classified into 6 groups and a linear expenditure system was estimated based on households’ budget data of 2009 and 2011 for urban and rural areas separately. the results indicate that high...