Let PCP(k) denote the following restriction of the well-known Post Correspondence Problem [9]: given alphabet Σ of cardinality k and two morphisms σ, τ : Σ → {0, 1}, decide whether there exists w ∈ Σ+ such that σ(w) = τ(w). Let Accessibility(k) denote the following restriction of the accessibility problem for semi-Thue systems: given a k-rule semi-Thue system T and two words u and v, decide whe...

This study evaluated 20 general circulation models (GCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5), which provide the prediction results for the period of 2006 to 2014, the period from which the observation data (the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) data) are available. Both the GCM predictions of precipitation and the GPCP data were compared for three data s...

[1] Current variability of precipitation (P) and its response to surface temperature (T) are analysed using coupled (CMIP5) and atmosphere-only (AMIP5) climate model simulations and compared with observational estimates. There is striking agreement between Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) observed and AMIP5 simulated P anomalies over land both globally and in the tropics suggesti...

It is shown that Post Correspondence Problem remains undecidable even in the case where one of the morphisms is xed. Accordingly the generalized PCP is undecidable even in the case where both of the morphisms are xed, and, moreover, the cardinality of their domain alphabet is 7. In particular, GPCP(7) is undecidable. On the other hand, GPCP(2) is not only decidable, but, as we show here, its al...

[1] The analysis of the GPCP and CMAP datasets during the past 30 years (1979–2008) indicates that there are consistent increasing trends in both the global monsoon area (GMA) and the global monsoon total precipitation (GMP). This positive monsoon rainfall trend differs from previous studies that assumed a fixed global monsoon domain. Due to the increasing trends in both the GMA and GMP, a glob...

The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) has released the GPCP Version 1 Combined Precipitation Data Set, a global, monthly precipitation dataset covering the period July 1987 through December 1995. The primary product in the dataset is a merged analysis incorporating precipitation estimates from low-orbit-satellite microwave data, geosynchronous-orbit-satellite infrared data, and ra...

Principal component analysis (PCA) is utilized to explore the temporal and spatial variability of precipitation from GPCP and a CAM5 simulation from 1979 to 2010. In the tropical region, the interannual variability of tropical precipitation is characterized by two dominant modes (El Niño and El Niño Modoki). The first and second modes of tropical GPCP precipitation capture 31.9% and 15.6% of th...

Six rainfall datasets are compared over the Amazon basin, Northeast Brazil, and the Congo basin. These datasets include three gauge-only precipitation products from the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC), and Brazilian Weather Forecast and Climate Studies Center (CLMNLS), and three combined gauge and satellite precipitation datasets from the CPC Merg...

Passive Aquatic Listeners (PALs) have been increasingly deployed to collect minute-scale surface oceanic rainfall and wind information, with a sampling area similar the spaceborne sensor footprints. This provides an unprecedented opportunity validate satellite precipitation products over oceans. study evaluates Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) daily products, including widely use...

The time-latitude cross section of climatological daily variations of Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer–Aerosol Index (TOMS-AI) (upper panel) and the GEWEX Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) 5-day mean rainfall (lower panel) over the Indian subcontinent show that the high aerosol region in Northern India during June–July overlaps with the rain area, indicating that aerosols may inte...