foreign policy cooperation and coordination among the european community member states and presenting europe with a single voice, has long been an important challenge within the european community/european union, especially since early 1970s. in the early 1990s, following the collapse of the ussr and the end of the cold war, there was a general speculation in europe that the ec may be able to p...

As a result both of the way in which the external relations powers of the European Community (“EC” or “Community”) have been organized by the Treaty establishing the European Community (“EC Treaty”) and of the interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Communities (“ECJ”), an analysis of the evolution of the external relations powers requires distinguishing between powers relating t...

The European Union Committee of Experts on Rare Diseases was formally established via the European Commission decision of 30 November 2009 (2009/ 872/EC). The EUCERD will aid the European Commission (EC) with the preparation and implementation of Community activities in the field of rare diseases, in cooperation and consultation with the specialised bodies in Member States, the relevant Europea...

This Essay does not focus on the feasibility of an European Community (”EC”) civil code, but rather addresses questions of substance relating to the law of obligations, that is, the law of contract and tort, leaving aside the law of property and family law. Nevertheless, I must state that I do not believe in the feasibility of a uniform Civil Code for the European Community. Rather than employi...

We argue that European integration is provoked and sustained by the development of causal connections between three factors: transnational exchange, supranational organization, and European Community (EC) rule-making. We explain the transition, in any given policy sector, from national to intergovernmental to supranational governance, in two ways. First cross-border transactions and communicati...

At last year’s Fordham Corporate Law Institute, under the heading “The Millennium Approaches,” I spoke about the challenges that European Community (”EC” or ”Community”) competition law is facing or will face in the near future. I came to the conclusion that the time has come for a re-examination and modernization of our rules, in particular the implementing and procedural legislation. I reache...

Within the 12 Member States of the European Community (EC), environmental policy is now formulated primarily at Community level. As a result, the EC has important regulatory responsibilities for the protection of workers, consumers, and the general public from risks that may arise from environmental chemicals, foremost among them potential carcinogens and mutagens. An important part of EC envir...

IV. PATENTABILITY OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS IN EUROPE............................................................................ 583 A. The European Patent Convention............................. 583 B. Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions ...... 589 1. Procedure for Adoption of a Directi...

UNLABELLED As an integral part of the European Commission (EC) Imaging Referral Guidelines Project a 1.5-day workshop was held in Vienna on 20-21 September, 2012. At this workshop, models and good practices regarding the appropriateness and use of imaging referral guidelines (Guidelines) in Europe and worldwide were presented, together with the results of a survey of Guidelines in Europe. The l...