the caspian sea contains great resources of oil and gas. the caspian sea is a 700- mile- long body of water in central asia, land located between azerbaijan, iran, kazakhstan, russia and turkmenistan. iran was challenges and opportunities in the caspian region. key question in this thesis includes three section that first question, opportunities of iran in the caspian region, second question ch...

abstract the problems caused by the traditional system of criminal justice (which are based on remuneration and rehabilitation) such as, lack of attention to victim’s rights and position and society, underlie the emergence of restorative justice which had the victim-centered perspective, with respect to the role of the offender and participation of civil society. meanwhile, criminal mediation ...

the study of air infiltration into the buildings is important from several perspectives that may be noted to energy and design of hvac systems, indoor air quality and thermal comfort and design of smoke control systems. given the importance of this issue, an experimental and numerical study of air infiltration through conventional doors and windows has been explored in iran. to this end, at fir...

different researchers in different parts of the world have investigated the strategies used to translate written works ranging from novels to classroom assignments. however, by the significant increase in the number of postgraduate students in iran in the last few years, a very common kind of translation in iran includes translating abstracts of master’s theses. in this work, the researcher hav...

legal establishment of court is the birth of social life; each person should define him/herself against others offence or violation. when a society forms and the legal character appears, the thought of society refers to a person name prosecuting attorney who is the president of the court for defending his/her rights. prosecuting attorney remindterms such as court, crime and punishment. accordi...

the author intend to by studying the historical causes of the appearance of the novation in the west and explanation of its legal nature from past to present of french law, proves on the one hand that the novation does not extracted from the french civil code and in the shiite jurisprudence with quite similar terms even before the enactment of iranian civil code, was considered by the shiite su...

the present paper deals with criminal issues. for example, legal injunction on the necessity of returning a deposit has a legal nature and legal injunction on the punishment of those who breach the trust has a criminal nature. existing social issues are the basis of classification of some instances into the issue, some of which are based on variation and others on quality. therefore, the motiva...

تناسب به عنوان یک اصل کلیِ حقوقی در نظام های حقوقی مدرن، به دنبال این عقیده که شهروندان باید در برابر دولت مورد حمایت قرار گیرند و مداخلات تنظیمی دولت بایستی متناسب با اهداف مورد نظر باشد، ایجاد شده است. این اصل نخست در نظام حقوقی آلمان پذیرفته شد و پس از آن با گسترش صلاحیت های اداری، به عنوان یکی از مبانی نظارت بر اعمال دولت، توسعه یافته است. اصل تناسب که انعکاس صریحی در معاهدات اتحادیه اروپایی...