The development of vaccines against fungi and other intracellular microbes is impeded in part by a lack of suitable adjuvants. While most current vaccines against infectious diseases preferentially induce production of antibodies, cellular immunity is essential for the resolution of fungal infections. Microbes such as fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis require Th17 and Th1 cells for resistanc...

In vertebrates, the engrailed genes are expressed at early neurula stage in a narrow stripe encompassing the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB), a region from which a peculiar structure, the isthmus, is formed. Knock-out experiments in mice demonstrated that these genes are essential for the development of this structure and of its derivatives. In contrast, little is known about the effect of an...

Specification of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain primordia occurs during gastrulation in response to signals that pattern the gastrula embryo. Following establishment of the primordia, each brain part is thought to develop largely independently from the others under the influence of local organizing centers like the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB, or isthmic) organizer. Mechanisms that ...

1 Instytut Informatyki, Uniwersytet Warszawski, Banacha 2, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland. chlebus@mimu., edu.pl 2 Laboratory for Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 545 Technology Square NE43-368, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. robdep@theory. Ics. mit. edu Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, U-155, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. aas@...

We have identified three genes, expressed in zebrafish embryos, that are members of the engrailed gene family. On the basis of sequence comparisons and analyses of their expression patterns, we suggest that two of these genes, eng2 and eng3, are closely related to the En-2 gene of other vertebrates. The third gene, eng1, is probably the zebrafish homolog of En-1. Subsets of cells at the develop...

The most recent meeting was held in December 2011 in Dubai. The objective of the deliberation was to evaluate the progress of implementation of the prior recommendations. Unfortunately, the goal of reporting the same units worldwide has not been realized. Dual reporting has been adopted by very few countries and has been transitory for the vast majority of these countries. Some countries have e...

a recorded nerve signal via an electrode is composed of many evokes or action potentials, (originated from individual axons) which may be considered as different initial sources. recovering these primitive sources in its turn may lead us to the anatomic originations of a nerve signal which will give us outstanding foresights in neural rehabilitations. accordingly, clinical interests may be r...