consumers’ willingness to pay for nonmarket commodities such as wildlife, quality of the environment and forest services (including timber production, water conservation, soil conservation, oxygen supply, carbon sequestration, recreation services and wildlife preservation) is a measure of value of these resources. in recent years the contingent valuation has been used to determine this and othe...

Seceral contingent caluation studies hace found that the open-ended format yields lower estimates of willingness to pay (WTP) than does the closed-ended, or dichotomous choice, format. In this study, WTP for a public encironmental good was estimated under four conditions: actual payment in response to open-ended and closed-ended requests, and hypothetical payment in response to open-ended and c...

BACKGROUND Written assessments fall into two classes: constructed-response or open-ended questions, such as the essay and a number of variants of the short-answer question, and selected-response or closed-ended questions; typically in the form of multiple-choice. It is widely believed that constructed response written questions test higher order cognitive processes in a manner that multiple-cho...

This study compared the nature of text comprehension as measured by multiple-choice format and open-ended format questions. Participants read a short text while explaining preselected sentences. After reading the text, participants answered open-ended and multiple-choice versions of the same questions based on their memory of the text content. The results indicated that performance on open-ende...

AIM Present study calculates and analyzes Cost of illness of tuberculosis in Tehran. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was a descriptive analytical study conducted among 121 patients in two stages in 2011. In the first stage, questionnaires were collected by reviewing patient records and phone interviews with patients. The second stage deals with the calculation of costs. For cost calculation, ...

1Endocrine and Metabolism Research Centre, Doctor Shariati Hospital, Tehran University, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. 2Health Research and Education Unit, Healthcare Organization, National Iranian Oil Corporation, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Received: 30/07/02; accepted: 27/03/03 ABSTRACT To estimate the direct cost of coronary heart disease (CHD) to the Iranian oil industry, we calcu...

The Colorado Upper-division Electrostatics (CUE) diagnostic was designed as an open-ended assessment in order to capture elements of student reasoning in upper-division electrostatics. The diagnostic has been given for many semesters at several universities resulting in an extensive database of CUE responses. To increase the utility and scalability of the assessment, we used this database along...

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori may cause many gastrointestinal problems in developing countries such as Iran. We aimed to analyze the cost- effectiveness and cost- utility of the test-and-treat and empirical treatment strategies in managing Helicobacter pylori infection. METHODS This was a Markov based economic evaluation. Effectiveness was defined as the symptoms free numbers and QALYs in 10...

The incremental elimination or hydroxy functionality in an organosolv lignin by ethylalion or acetylation dramatically innuenced the state of miscibility and resulting morphology or blends prepared with hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). A maximum level of interaction between the blend components, as determined from melting point depression, oa:.urred where 23-40-1. or the hydroxy groups were subst...