in general, sexual behavior shapes in the depth of society and culture and social and cultural expectations influence to a great extent. also sexual relations in iran, take place outside of marriage with different reasons and in different forms. some evidences imply an increasing trend of this style of life among young people, accordingly, this study wants to analyze this phenomenon and achieve...

Studies have shown that in everyday school activities the predominating forms of learning are characterized by individualism and competition. Such atmosphere of individualism and competition can hardly have a positive influence on the development and stimulation of students’ competence in teaching literature. The focus of interactive learning is not only on cognitive competences, which the trad...

Three studies tested the idea that people's cultural worlds are structured in ways that promote and highlight emotions and emotional responses that are beneficial in achieving central goals in their culture. Based on the idea that U.S. Americans strive for competitive individualism, while (Dutch-speaking) Belgians favor a more egalitarian variant of individualism, we predicted that anger and sh...

Consumer trust is one of the key obstacles to online vendors seeking to extend their consumers across cultures. This research identifies culture at the individual consumer level. Based on the Stimulus– Organism–Response (S–O–R) model, this study focuses on the moderating role of uncertainty avoidance culture value on privacy and security as cognition influences, joy and fear as emotional influe...

Two studies examined emotional intimacy in European Canadian and Chinese Canadian dating relationships. Cultural differences in gender-role ideology and individualism-collectivism were hypothesized to differentially contribute to self-disclosure and responsiveness, and in turn, intimacy. Study 1 revealed that Chinese Canadians‟ lower intimacy relative to European Canadians was mediated by their...

Health locus of control (HLOC) refers to beliefs regarding how one's health is influenced by oneself, others, or fate. This meta-analysis investigated whether three HLOC dimensions (internality/I-HLOC, powerful others/P-HLOC, chance/C-HLOC) were related to both specific health behaviours and global health appraisal, and whether these relationships were moderated by gender and age compositions, ...

Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier's (2002) meta-analysis suggested problems in the measurement of individualism and collectivism. Studies using Hofstede's individualism scores show little convergent validity with more recent measures of individualism and collectivism. We propose that the lack of convergent validity is due to national differences in response styles. Whereas Hofstede statistically ...

Compensating for reduced public funding, Australian universities actively recruit fullfee paying East Asian international students. University staff , aware of international students having diffi culties coping with cultural and emotional issues, often encourage them to seek university counselling services. However, East Asian international students under-utilise counselling services. Th is pap...