background: it has been demonstrated that performing a mock embryo transfer (et) significantly improves the pregnancy rate in ivf cycles. the mock et could be performed prior to the stimulation cycle or immediately before real et. the problem of the first procedure is the possibility of variation in the uterine position and or cervico�uterine angle. objective: the purpose of this study was to d...

background: natural endometrium in frozen-thawed embryo transfer (fet) may have some benefits upon implantation in patients with repeated implantation failure (rif). it might be due to possible differences between natural and stimulated endometrial growth factors and cytokins secretions. objective: the objective of this study was to compare the pregnancy rate of fet on modified natural cycle ve...

Background: A prerequisite for successful embryo implantation is adequate preparation of receptive endometrium and the establishment and maintenance of a viable embryo. The success of implantation further relies upon a two-way dialogue between the embryo and uterus. However, molecular bases of these preimplantation and implantation processes in humans are not well known. Materials and Methods: ...

clinical studies have shown that in pathological conditions such as endometriosis and reproductive tract infection (male and female) there is an activation status of macrophages that produce large quantities of nitric oxide (no) in addition to other effector molecules. large amounts of no may have embryotoxic roles and produce infertility. this study was designed to evaluate the effect of diffe...

Background: The process of implantation involves the interaction of the human embryo and the uterine epithelium. Failure of implantation is a major reason for infertility in women and the inability to achieve endometrial receptivity is responsible for much of the failure of reproductive technologies. Management of repeated implantation failure despite transfer of good-quality embryos still rema...

background: the luteal phase defect is a common event following the ovarian stimulation. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of human chorionic gonadotropine (hcg) and progesterone hormones to improve the luteal phase defect. materials and methods: 60 mice were superovulated routinely with human menopausal gonadotropin (hmg) (7.5u) and hcg (10u). the mice were mated and divided...

background: hoxa11 and hoxa10 are expressed in endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle and show a dramatic increase during the mid-luteal phase at the time of implantation. the expression of these genes is decreased in women with myomas. objective: to determine whether myomectomy would reverse hoxa11 and hoxa10 expression, we evaluated the transcript levels of these genes in the endometria o...

background: gnrh agonist and antagonist were developed to control the premature release of lh surge. there is some difference between two protocols. objective: we compared the outcome of frozen-thawed embryo transfer in infertile women who used gnrh agonist or antagonist protocol for previous coh cycle and evaluation of any adverse effect of gnrh antagonist on oocyte and embryo. materials and m...