The high sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the mammalian cochlea is due to amplification produced by outer hair cells (OHCs) and controlled by medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferents. Data from animals led to the view that MOC fibers provide frequency-specific inhibitory feedback; however, these studies did not measure intact MOC reflexes. To test whether MOC inhibition is primarily at the ...

Plants or plant cells in vitro, show physiological and morphological response to microbial, physical or chemical factors which are known as ‘elicitors’. Elicitation is a process of induced or enhanced synthesis of secondary metabolites by the plants to ensure their survival persistence and competitiveness. The application of elicitors, which is currently the focus of research, has been consider...

Little is known about when or how different disgust elicitors are acquired. In Study 1, parents of children (0-18 years old) rated how their child would react to 22 disgust elicitors. Different developmental patterns were identified for core, animal, and sociomoral elicitors, with core elicitors emerging first. In Study 2, children (2-16 years old) were exposed alone and then with their parent ...

Defense elicitors are products that activate acquired defense responses in plants, thus rendering the plants less susceptible to attack by a broad range of pests. We demonstrated previously under laboratory conditions that foliar applications of the defense elicitors Actigard (acibenzolar-S-methyl), Employ (harpin protein), or ODC (chitosan) to potted pear trees (Pyrus communis L.) each caused ...

People live in a world in which they are surrounded by potential disgust elicitors such as “used” chairs, air, silverware, and money as well as excretory activities. People function in this world by ignoring most of these, by active avoidance, reframing, or adaptation. The issue is particularly striking for professions, such as morticians, surgeons, or sanitation workers, in which there is freq...

Elicitors as alternatives to agrochemicals are widely used a sustainable farming practice. The use of elicitors in viticulture control disease and improve phenolic compounds is recognized this field. Concurrently, they also affect other secondary metabolites, such aroma compounds. Grape wine an important quality factor that reflects nutritional information influences consumer preference. Howeve...

Tanshinones are abietane-type norditerpenoid quinone natural products found in a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. The copalyl diphosphate synthase of S. miltiorrhiza (SmCPS) is the key enzyme in the first step for transformation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) into miltiradiene, which has recently been identified as the precursor of tanshinones. Bas...

The innate immune system is an ancient and broad-spectrum defense system found in all eukaryotes. The detection of microbial elicitors results in the up-regulation of defense-related genes and the elicitation of inflammatory and apoptotic responses. These innate immune responses are the front-line barrier against disease because they collectively suppress the growth of the vast majority of inva...

Eight 2,4-dinitrophenyl compounds with a high degree of configurational uniformity were examined in regard to their ability to elicit delayed allergic skin reactions in guinea pigs and men who had been sensitized by previous exposure to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. Four of the eight compounds produced reactions (elicitors) and four others did not (non-elicitors). It was found that the elicitors co...

Elicitors are compounds, which activate chemical defences in plants. Various biosynthetic pathways are activated in treated plants depending on the compound used. The most intensively studied elicitor for manipulating defence pathways in plants is methyl jasmonate, which modifies e.g. the production of terpenoids, the main constituents of conifer oleoresin. Other commonly tested chemical elicit...