flexibility as an ability to respond to changing circumstances is one of the vital characteristics of the natural and built environment. during the contemporary era, diversity of methods relating the architectural flexibility execution are suggested. but along with contemporary conceptual approaches toward pluralism and uncertainty, it seems that the multiplicity of approaches toward flexibilit...

I show that Swan’s (1970) independence result requires a multiplicative interaction between durability and all other quality attributes. Because there is no compelling argument for a multiplicativity in quality, monopolists tend to distort durability, even with constant marginal costs. Distortions in durability and other quality aspects are aligned exactly when the marginal cost of quality do n...

concrete is the most common material used to line irrigation canals and must maintain its durability for the lifetime of the canal. compressive strength has been used as an index to control the quality of concrete; concrete that remains durable under freeze-thaw conditions is that with high compressive strength. research has shown that concrete linings can show suitable compressive strength in ...

a research program was conducted on different clay-bearing rocks selected from the ilam, sarpol-e zahab and tajarak regions (iran) to predict their slaking characteristics. the new durability apparatus (nested mesh drums) separates disintegrated particles varying from > 25.4 to < 2 mm as the drums were rotated. on the basis of the particle size distribution, the disintegration ratio (dr) was us...

salt crystallization is one of the most important weathering agents and may limit the durability of building stones. salt crystallization induces stresses inside the pores of stones. consequently, stone durability is closely related to its physical properties and strength. the purpose of this study was to propose a statistical model for estimating stone durability against salt crystallization c...

This paper emphasizes that instead of long-term availability and reliability, the short-term session durability analysis will greatly impact the design of the real large-scale Peer-to-Peer storage system. In this paper, we use a Markov chain to model the session durability, and then derive the session durability probability distribution. Subsequently, we show the difference between our analysis...

According to standards, the durability performance of fiber-cement sheets must be evaluated by comparing the modulus of rupture (MOR) before and after durability tests (freeze-thaw, soak-dry, and warm water) are completed. This paper investigated the MOR of two different fiber-cement sheets samples before and after durability tests as well as its ductility and toughness. Results showed no signi...

In order to obtain a more controlled durability and long-term performance of concrete structures in chloride containing environment special care is needed in the design phase of reinforced concrete structures. The recent development of probability-based procedures has proven to give a more realistic basis for both durability design and condition assessment of reinforced concrete structures. Alt...

the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine (chx) application on immediate and two-month bond strength of a filled adhesive system. methods: forty eight non-carious human third molars without enamel of occlusal surface were randomly divided into two main groups according to chx application: control and chx. each main group was further subdivided into 2 subgroups depending ...