This paper shows that environmental, labour and other standards can be effective strategic policy instruments even when they are strictly non-discriminatory. This is because standards can be set which the foreign producer optimally chooses not to meet, allowing the domestic producer to monopolize the standardized segment of the market. Thus, it is important for policy to consider how much scope...

Data mining has been applied to the discovery of illegally discriminatory treatments caused by protected-by-law attributes such as race, gender, age, etc. In this paper, we propose an improvement for the previous work of exploring discrimination in semi-structured business data. The main idea is that discrimination represented in the form of association rules is judged by opposite patterns whos...