“euclid’s elements” begins by an introduction into definitions, postulates and common notions; the postulates are presented in the science of geometry by euclid without any or explanations. however, regarding the significance of postulates which is the fundamental to geometrical proving and solving geometrical theorems, some translators and interpreters of euclid’s elements provide explanation ...

one of the prominent shophists lived in 4th and 5th hegira centuries (11th & 12th ad centuries) is ibn bakooyeh shirazi. in a poetic verse that saadi (14th ad century) mentioned baba koohi as pseudonym for ibn bakuyeh shirazi and within a phrase written by isa ibn joneid shirazi (15th ad cen.) at tazkereh-e- hezar mazar (literally hgiography of thousand tombs) book with title of babakoohi as we...

muhammad ibn hamed isfahani more popularly known as imad ad-din al-isfahani was a persian historian, scholar, and rhetorician. he left a valuable anthology of arabic poetry to accompany his many historical works. and worked as a man of letters during the zengid and ayyubid period. he was born in isfahan in the year 1125, and studied at the nizamiyya school in baghdad. he graduated into the bure...

allama qutb al-din shirazi, is one of the elders and luminaries of iran and the islamic world and one of the great characters in the history of science in the world. despite of the popularity of allameh qutb al-din in medicine, he had reached to a degree of scientific development in different fields of science, literature, art and even folk art that he can be cited as an expert in that field. a...

creativity or uncreativity of the rational soul is one of the oldest problem of philosophy. ibn sina by giving some proofs has proven the creativity of the rational soul. fakhr ad-din ar razi has propsed several critics to each of the avecina’s argument. in this article, we are going to prove that, the origin of razi’s critics is his misunderstanding in ibn sina’s philosophical views in potenti...

This study analyzes the conception of gharar , which is generally translated as either risk or uncertainty, in post-formative Islamic commercial law. According to Muslim jurists, gharar arises from uncertainty in commercial transactions. However, unlike other areas of the Islamic intellectual tradition in which uncertainty engenders errors, the uncertainty associated with gharar enables jurists...