abstract target-oriented approaches to translation studies are regarded as recent theories of translation. one of the most famous theories among these approaches is descriptive translation studies presented by toury (1995). this theory gives a new dimension to translation studies and gives importance to the descriptive rather than prescriptive studies. it also identifies three sets of transla...

learning-oriented assessment seeks to emphasise that a fundamental purpose of assessment should be to promote learning. it mirrors formative assessment and assessment for learning processes. it can be defined as actions undertaken by teachers and / or students, which provide feedback for the improvement of teaching and learning. it also contrasts with equally important measurement-focused appro...

Introduction: Fair distribution of wage, benefits and reward also considering justice in decision making is an influential factor on nurse’s behavior toward patients and customers. The main purpose of this research was to determine relationship between perceived distributive and procedural justice, and customer-oriented behavior in nurses. Methods: This is a correlation (path analysis) cross - ...

Intorduction: It is necessary to notice the subjective well-being  and satisfaction of human resources in organizations and lack of attention to them has deleterious effects on individual and organizational performance. Method: The present study is a mixed (qualitative and quantitative)  research which used the Q approach to examine and explain managers’ mental patterns regarding Subjective We...

Intorduction: It is necessary to notice the subjective well-being  and satisfaction of human resources in organizations and lack of attention to them has deleterious effects on individual and organizational performance. Method: The present study is a mixed (qualitative and quantitative)  research which used the Q approach to examine and explain managers’ mental patterns regarding Subjective We...

hedging is a multi-purpose rhetorical strategy which is usually used in scientific arguments to secure ratification of claims, reduce the risk of negation, avoid conflict, manage disagreement and leave room for the audience to assess presented information. hedges are frequently used in research articles to mitigate the findings of research endeavors. the present research aims to investigate the...

This article demonstrates a part of findings of a research that has been designed with the intention of determining the characteristics of the desired public policy making system for achieving social justice. To begin with, James P. Sterba's categorization of alternative political perspectives to justice is reviewed and then "truth – oriented" justice is studied. To reach a precise and scholar...

phatic communion is a cultural concept which differs across cultures. according to hofstede (2001), the u.s. tends to have individualistic culture; however, asian countries tend to have collectivistic cultures. these cultures view phatic communion differently. in individualistic cultures like u.s., phatic communion reflects speakers’ socio-cultural relationships in conversations. to see whether...