the administrative system is a means of achieving the goals of political, economic, social and cultural systems of any society. it seems the nature and content of administrative management system affected by the construction and nature of governing system in every society. thus, there is a proactive relationship between these systems. therefore competency-based administrative system is equivale...

Despite widespread disagreement about democratic deficits in the European Union (EU), most critics begin by conceiving democracy as a problem for the EU. Seeing the EU as undemocratic or insufficiently democratic, they devise institutional innovations to democratize it. These innovations seem to require breaking the traditional link between democracy and the nation-state, which in this context ...

abstract living today in modern societies is full of advertising messages. this messages in the form of diverse and numerous affect everyday and working life of people. one of the most challenging subjects in the advertising is the representation of women in advertising and commercial promotions a large part of representations in advertisements depict women in their role as cultural stereotypes...

T h e translation of citizen votes into legislative seats is of central importance in democratic electoral systems. It has been a longstanding concern among scholars in political science and in numerous other disciplines. Throughout this literature, two fundamental tenets of democratic theory, partisan bias and democratic representation, have often been confused. W e develop a general statistic...

One of the major conflicts between the principles of democratic politics and the practical reality of expertise in public decision making takes place in connection with responsibility. The basic principles of democracy include some notion of political responsibility, usually understood to take a bi-directional form, in which the relation between ruler and ruled takes the form of representation ...