Small RNAs have several important biological functions1. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and trans-acting small interfering RNAs (tasiRNAs) regulate mRNA stability and translation, and siRNAs cause post-transcriptional gene silencing of transposons, viruses and transgenes and are important in both the establishment and maintenance of cytosine DNA methylation2. Here, we study the role of the four Arabidopsis...

1 Measure Theory 2 1.1 σ-Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Dynkin Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 Probability Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.5 Measurable Maps and Induced Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Cyclophilin A is aconservedpeptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) best known as the cellular receptor of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A. Despite significant effort, evidence of developmental functions of cyclophilin A in non-plant systems has remained obscure. Mutations in a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cyclophilin A ortholog, DIAGEOTROPICA (DGT), have been shown to abolish the org...

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) has emerged as an important mediator of fatty acid metabolism with paradoxical effects in the liver. Administration of IL-6 has been reported to confer protection against steatosis, but plasma and tissue IL-6 concentrations are elevated in chronic liver diseases, including fatty liver diseases associated with obesity and alcoholic ingestion. In this study, we further invest...

Indexing structures of modern multimedia databases almost always use a predefined measure of distance, which is usually independent of the data. However, knowing how a given data point relates to other data points in the database can often yield insight into what data points should be considered similar. Computationally expensive data mining operations allow users to classify data into clusters...

The antibacterial activities of DuP 105 and DuP 721, new oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents, were compared with those of beta-lactams and glycopeptides. Ninety percent of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates, including methicillin-resistant isolates, were inhibited by 4 micrograms of DuP 105 and 1 microgram of DuP 721 per ml. DuP 721 inhibited hemolytic streptococcus gr...

Torque teno viruses (TTVs) are a large group of vertebrate-infecting small viruses with circular single-stranded DNA, classified in the Anelloviridae family. In swine, two genetically distinct species, Torque teno sus virus 1a (TTSuV1a) and 1b (TTSuV1b) are currently grouped into the genus Iotatorquevirus. More recently, a novel Torque teno sus virus species, named Torque teno sus virus k2b (TT...

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be generated by overexpression of Oct4, Sox2 and Klf4 in murine fibroblasts. By conducting a microRNA (miRNA) library screen, we identified a set of miRNAs critically regulating iPSC formation. We revealed a new miRNA family (miR-130/301/721) as an important regulator of iPSC induction by targeting the homeobox transcription factor Meox2 (also known as...

NKT cells in the mouse recognize antigen in the context of the MHC class I-like molecule CD1d and play an important role in peripheral tolerance and protection against autoimmune and other diseases. NKT cells are usually activated by CD1d-presented lipid antigens. However, peptide recognition in the context of CD1 has also been documented, although no self-peptide ligands have been reported to ...