Purpose The neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B are widely expressed in the vertebrate retina; however, their role in visual function is unclear. This study investigates whether and how orexins modulate signal transmission to dopaminergic amacrine cells (DACs) from both outer retinal photoreceptors (rods and cones) and inner retinal photoreceptors (melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensi...

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in the retina and plays a central role in the light adaptive processes of the visual system. The sole source of retinal dopamine is dopaminergic amacrine cells (DACs). We and others have previously demonstrated that DACs are activated by rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) upon illumination. However, it is still not cl...

PURPOSE Retinal dopamine deficiency is a potential cause of myopia and visual deficits in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). We investigated the cellular mechanisms responsible for lowered levels of retinal dopamine in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model of ROP. METHODS Retinopathy was induced by exposing mice to 75% oxygen from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P12. Oxygen-induced retinopat...

Multibit digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are often constructed by combining several 1-bit DACs of equal or different weights in parallel. In such DACs, component mismatches give rise to signal dependent error that can be viewed as additive DAC noise. In some cases these DACs use dynamic element matching techniques to decorrelate the DAC mismatch noise from the input sequence and suppress it...

Where customers with different membership and position, use computers as in the university network systems, it often takes much time and efforts for them to cope with the change of the system management. This is because the requirements for the respective computer usage are different in the network and security policies. In this paper, a new destination addressing control system (DACS) scheme f...

Hypothesis: Acoustical measurements can be used for functional control of a direct acoustic cochlear stimulator (DACS). Background: The DACS is a recently released active hearing implant that works on the principle of a conventional piston prosthesis driven by the rod of an electromagnetic actuator. An inherent part of the DACS actuator is a thin titanium diaphragm that allows for movement of t...

he ever-dropping cost of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits allows many analog functions to be done digitally. However, the real world still is, and will always continue to be, a fundamentally analog place. Thus, the analog signal of interest is translated into a format that a digital computer can utilize. This translation is the function of an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). After ...

Discrete Absorption Components (DACs) seen in ultraviolet lines are one of the clearest indicators of large-scale structure in the winds of hot stars. Cranmer & Owocki (1996) attributed these DACs to Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) which are formed when slow and fast streams collide in the wind. In their model, CIRs are produced by introducing a spot on the stellar surface. The spot can l...

In the last few years, several DACs have appeared on the market and sold as “upsampling” DACs. Upsampling DAC manufacturers claim that their products improve the sound quality of standard CDs as compared to conventional DACs and most listeners agree. What can possibility account for the improved sound quality? After all, the digital data on the CD is the same no matter what DAC is used to conve...

This article describes six ocean datasets consistent in anomalies of biogeochemical, physical, sea wave, biological, oceanic and chemical parameters (DACS-BGC, DACS-PHY, DACS-WAVE, DACS-BIO, DACS-OCE DACS-CHEM) several time scales from 3-hourly to monthly frequencies, either on the surface, downward/upward fluxes between atmosphere water column Caribbean basin (Gulf Mexico, Sea Atlantic Ocean) ...