To summarize evidence discussed elsewhere in this volume, past climate change can be detected on time scales of decades to hundreds of millions of years. Theories as to the causes for such changes extend back almost as far as the observations. James Croll (1867) was the first to seriously examine the role 164 CLIMATE CHANGE, CAUSES

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introduction climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when it lasts for an extended period of time. climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the time variation of weather around long-term average conditions. climate change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by earth, plate t...

Abstract Understanding the causes and consequences of, devising countermeasures to, global warming is a profoundly complex problem. Network representations are sometimes only way forward, able to reduce complexity of original Networks both necessary natural elements climate science. Furthermore, networks form mathematical foundation for multitude computational analytical techniques. We beginnin...

because of low spatial resolution and simplifications in meteorological processes in global circulation models, they cannot sufficiently simulate the weather, comparing to the regional models; then, spatial and temporal downscaling of the gcm outputs are needed for decreasing errors of the global circulation models. there are two methods of downscaling: statistical and dynamic. weather generato...