artemisia annua is still the only commercial source of artemisinin. to date, a number of biochemical and molecular studies about artemisinin’s biosynthetic pathway have been carried out. in metabolic engineering approach, isolation and characterization of promoters leads to an understanding of which cis-acting elements are responsible for the regulation of gene expression. dbr2 is a key enzyme ...

The promoter of the major immediate-early (MIE) genes of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), also referred to as the CMV promoter, possesses a cis-acting element positioned downstream of the TATA box between positions -14 and -1 relative to the transcription start site (+1). We determined the role of the cis-acting element in viral replication by comparing recombinant viruses with the cis-acting elem...

Strains of beet curly top geminivirus (BCTV) possess distinct cis- and trans-acting replication specificity elements which are not separately interchangeable among strains. Analysis of the replication competency of chimeric BCTV genomes, in which portions of the origin of DNA replication (ori) were derived from heterologous BCTV strains, have permitted identification of an essential cis-acting ...

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most aluminum (Al)-tolerant species among small-grain cereals. Recent identification of a transcription factor AL RESISTANCE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1 (ART1) revealed that this high Al tolerance in rice is achieved by multiple genes involved in detoxification of Al at different cellular levels. ART1 is a C2H2-type zinc-finger transcription factor and regulates the ...

The expression of CD154 (CD40 ligand) by activated T lymphocytes plays a central role in humoral and cellular immunity. The fundamental importance of this protein in mounting an immune response has made it an attractive target for immunomodulation. Several studies have demonstrated that CD154 expression is regulated at the level of mRNA turnover in a manner distinct from other cytokine genes. W...

The stripe pattern of pair rule gene expression along the anterior-posterior axis of the Drosophila blastoderm embryo represents the first sign of periodicity during the process of segmentation. Striped gene expression can be mediated by distinct cis-acting elements that give rise to individual stripe expression domains in direct response to maternal and first zygotic factors. Here we show that...