The Kukis practise the traditional institution called Chieftainship, which i~ stil.l in exis~ence today. Every village is governed under such an headed by a chief Haosa. along wtth hts counctl~en, ~ho are elected. on ter'ilire basis, works for welfare of villagers. In return villagers have obligation pay~ng tnbu~es to t~e ~ht~f, purely voluntary nature. However, there continuing debates among y...

in the abbasid era, chieftainship (niqābat) was a politico-religious institution with social functions. since the early periods of the samanids era, the alavids’ chieftainship in nayshābūr, capital of khurāsān, had been turned over to the ḥusaynī alavids of banū zubāra, but amīr nūḥ b. manṣūr sāmānī (ruled 366-378) handed over this post to a ḥasanī alavid, whose descendants became the hereditar...

Te reo Māori, the Māori language is a taonga (something highly valued by Māori) that should have been protected under Article Two of 1840 Tiriti o Waitangi, treaty gave Britain right to settlement Aotearoa (New Zealand). guaranteed absolute chieftainship over their lands, homes, resources, and everything value. Thirty-five years ago Waitangi Tribunal found te indeed ‘taonga’ which Crown obliged...

This article examines the elite construction of cultural landscapes in Harare. Since assuming reins power Zimbabwe African Nation Union (ZANU) 1977, Robert Mugabe invented a political culture that conflated him with spirit mediums whom nationalist movement had elevated to national deities and dead kings. continued cultivate this post-colonial era using different discourses self-presentation. Th...

Although intellectual freedom is treated in the United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights (Article 19) as a human right, some people still argue that it is a luxury or even a ‘complete and utter irrelevance’ when compared to basic human needs such as those for food, shelter, education and health. In response to this, there is actually a case for saying that freedom of expression and ...