affecting the economy of independent pharmaciesone can never deny the influence of chain pharmacies as a powerful competitor over the economy of independent pharmacies. in one view, integrating independent pharmacies with low turnover into chain pharmacies can save them; on the other hand, chain pharmacies can lead to more treat for independent pharmacies life.patient costsit is expected to dec...

In this paper, we apply game theory to study the price competition between drugstores and hospitals in China’s pharmaceutical supply chain. Motivated by drug shortages disparity problems, build a simplified model with one supplier, hospital, drugstore which sellers sell kind of compete on price. The hospital receives discount from government when ordering both face price-sensitive uncertain dem...

the CENR prepared preliminary strategies for establishing scientific approaches and short-term priorities for seven programmatic and three cross-cutting issue areas in which to address the administration's concerns about federal R&D efforts. The programmatic issues include air quality, biodiversity and ecosystems, global change, natural disasters, resource use and management, toxic substances a...

An expanding armamentarium of oral oncologic drugs represents a revolution in the treatment of cancer but also presents significant challenges to adherence and the management of costs, side effects, and a growing clinician workload. Most often, identifying the urgent needs of cancer patients, including financial support and education, falls to the health care giver, whichincludes advanced pract...

Over the last decade, there is an increasing trend in the use of more and more mobile navigation devices. In order to make mobile navigation more intelligent, issues such as location and context awareness need to be addressed to offer location-based navigation services. For example, one might think of a scenario of a large commercial center where a customer with some mobile device in hand wishe...