Introduction: Air-powder polishing devices are increasingly used for stain and plaque removal. However, besides cleaning the tooth surface, they may increase the surface roughness of the dental tissues. This in turn may result in plaque accumulation and superficial degradation. Thus the aim of this study was to assess the influence of three different abrasive agents: Pumice, Sodium bicarbonate ...

Contrary to common expectations, the hydroxyl scavengers, carbonate and bicarbonate, are able to enhance the phototransformation by nitrate of a number of substituted phenols. Carbonate and bicarbonate, in addition to modifying the solution pH, are also able to induce a considerable formation of the carbonate radicals upon nitrate photolysis. The higher availability of less-reactive species tha...

Coccolithophores are important calcifying phytoplankton predicted to be impacted by changes in ocean carbonate chemistry caused by the absorption of anthropogenic CO2 . However, it is difficult to disentangle the effects of the simultaneously changing carbonate system parameters (CO2 , bicarbonate, carbonate and protons) on the physiological responses to elevated CO2 . Here, we adopted a multif...

Formaldehyde gas, generated by the depolymerization of paraformaldehyde and in the presence of water vapor, has been traditionally used for biological decontamination of equipment and spaces utilized for research with a susceptible biological agent. This gas has often been neutralized with ammonia gas, generated by the thermal decomposition of ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate. An elem...

BACKGROUND Sevelamer carbonate is an improved, buffered form of sevelamer hydrochloride developed for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in CKD patients. Sevelamer carbonate formulated as a powder for oral suspension presents a novel, patient-friendly alternative to tablet phosphate binders. This study compared the safety and efficacy of sevelamer carbonate powder with sevelamer hydrochloride ...

The processing of seawater by the marine teleost fi sh intestine includes high rates of base (bicarbonate) secretion into the intestinal fl uids. The resulting high bicarbonate concentrations in the intestinal fl uids combine with the calcium in the ingested seawater to form calcium carbonate crystals. This process is important for the salt and water balance of the marine teleost fi sh and lead...

A surface-controlled dissolution of cylindrical solid particles model is applied to potassium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate in dimethylformamide at elevated temperatures. Previously published data for the dissolution of potassium carbonate is interpreted assuming a cylindrical rather than a spherical shape of the particles, the former representing a closer approximation to ...

Aquatic green plants can assimilate carbon dioxide in solutions of widely varying hydrogen-ion concentration. Our purpose in investigating the rate of photosynthesis as a function of this factor was to clarify the interpretation of experiments in carbonate mixtures, where the concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate ions and of free carbon dioxide all vary with the hydrogen-ion concentration...

2/3 of the reservoir surface area was approximately covered with dense populations of Myriophyllum, Ceratophyllum and Potamogeton species. The headwaters of the reservoir were considered as hard water and had both carbonatic and non-carbonatic hardness. When they were exposed to lentic condition of the reservoir and its intensive photosynthetic activities of macrophyte communities, the bicarbon...