This study of the Arabic 4-volume book of Al-Mukhtar Fi Al-Tibb (Choice Book on Medicine) written by the Muslim physician Muhadhdhab Al-Deen Al-Baghdadi (515-610 H, 1117-1213 AD) aimed at evaluating his contributions to the progress of medicine and urology along with providing English translations of relevant excerpts. Al-Baghdadi laid emphasis on the morals of medical practice and the principl...

Immune functions in the brain are associated with psychiatric illness and temporary alteration of mental state. Microglia, the principal brain immunologic cells, respond to changes in the internal brain milieu through a sequence of activated states, each with characteristic function and morphology. To assess a possible association of frontal white matter pathology with suicide, we stained autop...

Given the long roots of bay‘a (pledge of allegiance) in Islamic tradition and the controversial claim by the Islamic State (IS) to be a caliphate, the application of bay‘a to the group’s leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, and his project is a contested issue among radical Islamists. Based on secondary literature and IS ideologues’ own writings, this paper analyses IS’s claims of validity in their ca...

The alveolar epithelium represents a major site of tissue destruction during lung injury. It consists of alveolarepithelial type I (ATI) and type II (ATII) cells. ATII cells are capable of self-renewal and exert progenitor function for ATI cells upon alveolar epithelial injury. Cell differentiation pathways enabling this plasticity and allowing for proper repair, however, are poorly understood....

We investigated an uncommon biotransformation of pyrimidine during the metabolism of GNE-892 ((R)-2-amino-1,39,39-trimethyl79-(pyrimidin-5-yl)-39,49-dihydro-29H-spiro[imidazole-4,19-naphthalen]5(1H)-one), a b-secretase 1 inhibitor. Three novel metabolites, formed by conversion of pyrimidine to pyrazole, were observed in the C-radiolabeled mass balance study in rats. Their structures were charac...