In this chapter, we focus on psychological and brain perspectives on the experience of coincidence. We first introduce the topic of the experience of coincidence in general. In the second section, we outline several psychological mechanisms that underlie the experience of coincidence in humans, such as cognitive biases, the role of context and the role of individual differences. In the third an...

I claim that an argument from the philosophy of statistics can be improved by using Carnapian inductive logic. \citet{GelmanShalizi2012} criticise a philosophical account of how statisticians ought to choose statistical models which they call `the received view of Bayesian inference' and propose a different account inspired by falsificationist philosophy of science. I introduce another philosop...

28 We examined developmental programming studies that reported sex-specific effects 29 published between 2012 and 2014, and examined whether the authors reported a 30 statistical approach to explicitly test whether the effect of treatment differed between the 31 sexes, e.g., a sex by treatment interaction term. Less than half of the studies that reported 32 sex-specific effects described explic...

The planning of large infrastructure projects such as inner-city subway tracks is a highly collaborative process in which numerous experts from different domains are involved. While performing the planning task, widely differing scales have to be taken into consideration, ranging from the kilometer scale for the general routing of the track down to the centimeter scale for the detailed design o...

For the planning of large infrastructure projects, such as tunnelled inner-city carriageways, completely different scales have to be considered – ranging from the scale of several kilometres for the general routing of the carriageway down to centimetre scale for the detailed planning of track nodes. However, today’s planning software hardly supports multi-scale approaches. The paper presents a ...

Entropy and compression have been used to distinguish fetuses at risk of hypoxia from their healthy counterparts through the analysis of Fetal Heart Rate (FHR). Low correlation that was observed between these two approaches suggests that they capture different complexity features. This study aims at characterizing the complexity of FHR features captured by entropy and compression, using as refe...

In this paper we consider the modern theory of the Bayesian brain from cognitive neurosciences in the light of recommender systems and expose potentials for our community. In particular, we elaborate on noisy user feedback and the thus resulting multicomponent user models, which have indeed a biological origin. In real user experiments we observe the impact of both factors directly in a repeate...

The goal of the “Emotion in Music” task in MediaEval 2015 is to automatically estimate the emotions expressed by music (in terms of Arousal and Valence) in a time-continuous fashion. In this paper, considering the high context correlation among the music feature sequence, we study several multiscale approaches at different levels, including acoustic feature learning with Deep Brief Networks (DB...

We discuss the relative merits of optimistic and randomized approaches to exploration in reinforcement learning. Optimistic approaches presented in the literature apply an optimistic boost to the value estimate at each state-action pair and select actions that are greedy with respect to the resulting optimistic value function. Randomized approaches sample from among statistically plausible valu...

Introduction An influential conjecture in neuroscience states that a brain organized according to principles of hierarchical predictive coding (HPC) can effectively and efficiently perform genuine Bayesian inferences, providing a neurally plausible account of how Bayesian models of cogntion may be physically implemented in the brain. However, each key subcomputation invoked in HPC potentially h...