one of the greatest physicians and encyclopedists in middle ages in europe was born in al-ahwaz (c.930) from old persian stock. ‘alī was moved to shīrāz at an early age and made his medical studies under a physician of this city, abū mahir mūsā ibn sayyar. he practised medicine in baghdad in mid – tenth century and served as physician to ‘adud al-dawla, to whom he dedicated his only composition...

adages and aphorism, notwithstanding their differences, are considered to be the most veridical of literary tools, revealing nations’ internal and external mentalities. as the garnish of words along with a means of bolstering the power of argument, they have been prevalent in all literary eras and constitute one of the major, precious branches of literate and are credible documents of bygone cu...