la littérature libertine française du xviiie siècle a longtemps été considérée secondaire ou inférieure dans le panorama de la littérature française à cause de sa valence subversive en opposition au roman d’inspiration bourgeoise. si ce dernier représentait l’expression triomphante de la bourgeoisie, le roman libertin n’était que son ombre : le roman bourgeois symbolisait la victoire de la stab...

idea of counting the population from house to house, recording the list of members of each family, had been around for a long time. However, the authorities f e a red adverse reactions from the population, who w e re wary of censuses conducted for tax or military purposes. Consequently, the idea emerged in the eighteenth century of conducting partial, localized censuses and then extrapolating t...

The article examines the relationship between state policy and commercial initiatives within institutions of ancien régime, namely consuls. By exploring case Swedish consulate in Naples mid eighteenth century, it addresses role private actors establishment consulates, authorities’ problems controlling consular network from a distance, not least because specificity local operational contexts. ch...