as a branch of shi‘a jurists, akhbaris disagree theirmajority on the validity of some sources of inferring aswell as ways of understanding divine precepts, amongwhich being discrediting ordinary people’s (i.e., other thanthe infallible-innocent personalities’) understanding ofappearances of the qur’an. their opinion is based on twobases: hadiths they claim they are massively reported andare app...

one example of unfair competition is competition through discrediting a competitor. french doctrine and precedent has been accepted and it has explained this legal entity. but the richness of the iranian legal literature on this subject is not enough. therefore, in this paper a review of unfair competition, while explaining the concept and its variants, and based on the analysis of the resultin...

The paper analyzes the move of discrediting the opponent as a means to persuasion in political debates. After analysis of a corpus of political debates, a typology of discrediting strategies is outlined, distinguished in terms of three criteria: the target – the feature of the opponent specifically attacked (dominance, competence, benevolence); the route through which it is attacked – topic, mo...

I Resume In the history of contact between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples in Canada, there has been an imbalance in acculturative influences. Generally, Aboriginal peoples have been changed substantially, with serious erosion of their cultures and identities. However, this dominance by EuroCanadian peoples has also been met by resistance by Aboriginal peoples. Policy and programme change...

Neural circuits are dynamically regulated by a diverse class of secretedmolecules known as neuromodulators, amongwhich is dopamine, amolecule linked to disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia and to reward-driven learning. This Select highlights several recently published papers that elucidate how dopamine neurons regulate circuits involved in depression-related behaviors, learn...

HE DITORS of the Dictionary o] American Slang (1, p. 652) report that "the concept having the most slang synonyms is drunk." The Dictionary lists 353 terms, with more added in the Appendix. In 1737 Benjamin Franklin compiled a list of 228 terms for being drunk (2). The American Thesaurus o] Slang (3) lists dose to 900 terms. 3 Obviously, Americans, like many other peoples of the world, have tak...