among state`s duties are constructing roads, water pipelines and the likes. in order to do these the state sometimes has to utilize private owners` lands. this research, we seek to investigate this questions that is there any possibility of liability for usurpation for state if these formalities are not be observed? some researchers have questioned the possibility of this liability. in this res...

contrary to the past approaches, as the transportation speed and the number of vehicles have increased, nowadays, the major roads do not go through the cities and are laid out on the brink with a particular distance instead and linked with the city’s network through a set of connecting roads instead. construction of these connecting roads can have diverse effects on economic, social and cultura...

Determining the efficient density for forest roads is essential to decrease the costs of skidding and road constructing in forestry plans. In order to estimate the optimal density for road network in Dalak kheyl forest district (Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries), we calculated the roading costs and hourly costs of Timber jack 450C and HSM 904 skidders. The length of skid trails was measured...

M ost local governments in the United States manage and maintain streets and roads as part of their everyday duties. How well are local governments handling their responsibilities with respect to nationally accepted traffic engineering procedures and standards? To find out how local agencies in Tennessee were doing, a survey of every city and county in the state was conducted during the fall of...

Roads are pervasive features of modern landscapes and have major impacts on air, land, and water quality. The United States has >6.2 million km of public roads used by >200 million vehicles (National Research Council [NRC]1997). Road corridors (road plus maintained parallel strips) cover 1% of the United States (NRC 1997) but their direct environmental impacts extend to 20% of the land surface ...