background: this study aimed to evaluated trends for iron and manganese concentrations in wells, reservoirs, and water distribution networks in qom city during the summer of 2012. methods: this was a cross-sectional study. the studied scopes consisted of groundwater (60 wells), reservoirs (10 tanks), and water distribution network (33 points). one sample was taken from each source monthly. stat...

large water distribution systems can be highly vulnerable to penetration of contaminant factors caused by different means including deliberate contamination injections. as contaminants quickly spread into a water distribution network, rapid characterization of the pollution source has a high measure of importance for early warning assessment and disaster management. in this paper, a methodology...

a water distribution network is subjected to various abnormal conditions such as pipe breaks, pump failures, excessive demands etc. in the design period. under such conditions, the network may not be able to meet required demands at desired pressures, and becomes deficient. traditional network analysis assumes nodal demands to be satisfied and available nodal pressures are calculated. however, ...

Background: This study aimed to evaluated trends for iron and manganese concentrations in wells, reservoirs, and water distribution networks in Qom city during the summer of 2012. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The studied scopes consisted of groundwater (60 wells), reservoirs (10 tanks), and water distribution network (33 points). One sample was taken from each source monthly. Stat...

Water distribution networks are one of the important and costly infrastructures of cities and many meta-heuristic algorithms in standard or hybrid forms were used for optimizing water distribution networks. These algorithms require a large amount of computational cost. Therefore, the converging speed of algorithms toward the optimization goal is as important as the goal itself. In this paper, a...

a methodology is presented in this paper to find optimal location and dosage of chlorine injection in water distribution networks. the objective is to minimize the chlorine consumption while keeping the residual chlorine at each node within the standard range. unfortunately because of wrong water quality management in water distribution networks in many parts of the world, many problems such as...

a methodology is presented in this paper to find optimal location and dosage of chlorine injection in water distribution networks. the objective is to minimize the chlorine consumption while keeping the residual chlorine at each node within the standard range. unfortunately because of wrong water quality management in water distribution networks in many parts of the world, many problems such...

Background: Providing safe drinking water has critical importance to human societies. The aim of this study was to investigate microbiological quality of drinking water in distribution system of urban and rural regions of Ijroud, in Zanjan province.   Materials and Methods: In present descriptive study, the microbiological examination of drinking water was conducted in 15 facilities with...