background immunomodulators and nucleotide analogues have been used globally for the dealing of chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection. however, the development of drug resistance is a major limitation to their long-term effectiveness. objectives the aim of this study was to characterize the hepatitis b virus reverse transcriptase (rt) protein variations among iranian chronic hbv carriers wh...

tomato yellow leaf curl virus (tylcv) is a major tomato virus in tropical and subtropical regions. in this study, 134 accessions of solanum lycopersicum and six accessions of solanum peruvianum were assessed for resistance to an iranian isolate of tylcv. plants were inoculated using whiteflies (bemisia tabaci) and the reaction of plants was evaluated based on either disease symptoms or viral dn...

background and aims: to evaluate the effect of temperature on wheat streak mosaic virus (wsmv) resistance phenotype, through total protein, phenol, and peroxidase activity in bread wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted using adl-cross (resistant) and marvdasht (susceptible) cultivars. materials and methods: results showed that incubation at 32c changed the gene expression for resistance ...

background: human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) makes infected cases prone to opportunistic infections like tuberculosis (tb) due to impaired immunity of the body, especially multi drug resistant (mdr) ones which are a major concern. with hiv outbreak starting late in the 20th century, the international health community is observing a huge rise in the incidence of this complex disease. herein, w...

background and aims: genotyping assay has been accepted as a guidance in the therapeutic management of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1). but, it is not commonly used in our country due to its high running cost. the aim of this study is evaluate an in-house genotyping resistance test (grt) for hiv-1. methods: hiv-1 rna of 20 samples were extracted from plasma and rt nested- pcr was perform...

hepatitis b virus (hbv) is a crucial public health problem with approximately 350 million affected people and a death rate of 0.5 to 1.2 million per year worldwide. it proceeds to end-stage liver diseases including cirrhosis with hepatic decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc). pakistan lies in the endemic region with 3% hbv carrier rate in the country. the differences in disease outc...

background: the h9n2 subtype of influenza a viruses is considered to be widespread in poultry industry. adamantane is a group of antiviral agents which is effective both in prevention and treatment of influenza a virus infections. these drugs inhibit m2 protein ion channel which has role on viral replication. objectives: the main objective of this study is to evaluate m gene of avian influenza ...