nowadays, using public transportation vehicles like metro in large cities are of significance, and exposure to whole-body vibration for the metro passengers is one of the physical contaminations. this paper is conducted with the aim of evaluating the passengers’ convenience and health both in sitting and standing conditions. the present study was done on the passengers of lines 1, 2, and 4 of t...

Several U.S. cities have curfew ordinances that limit the late night activities of minor teenagers in public places including highways. Detroit, Cleveland, and Columbus, which have curfew ordinances, were compared to Cincinnati, which does not have such an ordinance. The curfew ordinances were associated with a 23% reduction in motor vehicle related injury for 13- to 17-year-olds as passengers,...

Of 149 large cities surveyed, 72 were found to have nighttime curfew ordinances applying to teenagers of various ages. The typical city curfew identified starts at midnight, ends at 5 A.M., and affects all activity of teenagers ages 13-17 in a public place and unaccompanied by a parent. In comparisons of 47 cities with curfews covering 13- to 17-year-olds and 77 cities without curfews, curfews ...

This paper analyzes the effects of daylight and daylight saving time (DST) on pedestrian and motor vehicle occupant fatalities in the United States. Multivariate analyses of county level data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System for 2-week periods in 1998 and 1999 are used. Results show that full year daylight saving time would reduce pedestrian fatalities by 171 per year, or by 13% of a...

Traditionally, transportation safety analysts have used the empirical Bayes (EB) method to improve the estimate of the long-term mean of individual sites; to correct for the regression-to-the-mean (RTM) bias in before-after studies; and to identify hotspots or high risk locations. The EB method combines two different sources of information: (1) the expected number of crashes estimated via crash...

The purpose of this research was to explore the changes in children's bicycle helmet use and motor vehicle bicycle related injuries in Hillsborough County, Florida before and after passage of the Florida's bicycle helmet law for children under the age of 16. The results show a significant increase in bicycle helmet use among children, ages 5-13, in the post-law years compared with the pre-law y...

the present study was conducted to investigate the impacts of retrofitted cng vehicles on airpollutant emissions in tehran over a 20 years period using available statistical data, precise automobile tests, data analysis, and leap software. the obtained results revealed an increase in air pollutant emissionsincluding co (equal to 1030.77 thousand tons), nox (equal to 1030.77 thousand tons), thc ...

the present study was conducted to investigate the impacts of retrofitted cng vehicles on airpollutant emissions in tehran over a 20 years period using available statistical data, precise automobile tests, data analysis, and leap software. the obtained results revealed an increase in air pollutant emissionsincluding co (equal to 1030.77 thousand tons), nox (equal to 1030.77 thousand tons), thc ...

flapping-wing robotic insects are small, highly maneuverable flying robots inspired by biologicalinsects and useful for a wide range of tasks, including exploration, environmental monitoring, searchand rescue, and surveillance. recently, robotic insects driven by piezoelectric actuators have achievedthe important goal of taking off with external power; however, fully autonomous operation requir...