The performance of any finite element (FE) structural analysis is directly related to the global number of nodes and degrees of freedom (DOF) of the discretized structure and mesh distribution attributes. It is obvious that the appropriate numerical analysis needs finer elements in the zone of interest, e.g. zone of high stress concentration and intensity, and coarser elements for farther porti...

We examine methods to estimate the average and variance of test error rates over a set of classi ers We begin with the process of drawing a classi er at random for each example Given validation data the average test error rate can be estimated as if validating a single classi er Given the test example inputs the variance can be computed exactly Next we consider the process of drawing a classi e...

When it comes to silencing genes in mice, not all approaches are equal. An example published in this issue of Cell (Patrucco et al., 2004) suggests that caution should be used when validating potential drug targets by genetic disruption.

A learning progression, or trajectory, describes the evolution of student thinking from early conceptions to target understanding within a particular domain. As complex theory development, it requires conceptual and empirical support. In earlier work, we proposed cycle for validation progression with four steps: 1) Theory Development, 2) Examination Empirical Recovery, 3) Comparison Competing M...

One of the most important goals of disaster management teams is to protect the assets and infrastructures of the community in the event of accidents such as wildfires and floods. This issue requires appropriate operations of all disaster management teams and analysis of available information for suitable decision making and consequently timely response. A mixed integer mathematical model is pre...