UNLABELLED Simian virus 40 (SV40), a polyomavirus that has served as an important model to understand many aspects of biology, induces dramatic cytoplasmic vacuolization late during productive infection of monkey host cells. Although this activity led to the discovery of the virus in 1960, the mechanism of vacuolization is still not known. Pentamers of the major SV40 capsid protein VP1 bind to ...

Cytoplasmic vacuolization (also called cytoplasmic vacuolation) is a well-known morphological phenomenon observed in mammalian cells after exposure to bacterial or viral pathogens as well as to various natural and artificial low-molecular-weight compounds. Vacuolization often accompanies cell death; however, its role in cell death processes remains unclear. This can be attributed to studying va...

Four rare earth oxides have been shown to induce autophagy. Interestingly, we often noticed plentiful vacuolization, which was not always involved in this autophagic process. In this study, we investigated three other rare-earth elements, including Yttrium (Y), Ytterbium (Yb), and Lanthanum (La). Autophagic effect could be induced by all of them but only Y(2)O(3) and Yb(2)O(3) could cause massi...

The nucleus is the center of vital activity and is the brain of any cell. This stands true in case of physiological and pathological cells. Nucleus is the most active and prominent cellular organelle which shows many forms, has varied shapes and sizes, depicting the activity of the cell. Morphology of the nuclear shape and presentation can get altered because of changes in nuclear lamina or it ...

PURPOSE Our objective was to determine the usefulness of routine administration of contrast material in brain MR imaging for the evaluation of areas of probable myelin vacuolization and neoplasms in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 112 consecutive contrast-enhanced brain MR studies obtained over a period of 7 years in 109 symptomatic and asymp...