Mycotoxins are the toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi and they are a worldwide public health concern. A VHH antibody (or nanobody) is the smallest antigen binding entity and is produced by heavy chain only antibodies. Compared with conventional antibodies, VHH antibodies overcome many pitfalls typically encountered in clinical therapeutics and immunodiagnostics. Likewise, VHH antibod...

Background: Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of aggressive cancers. Chemotherapy, surgery,and radiotherapy are the common therapeutic options for treating this cancer. Due to the adverse side-eff ects of these methods, immunotherapy is considered as an appropriate alternative therapeutic option. Treatment through the application of monoclonal antibodies is considered as a n...

objective(s): as t-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (tim-3) is an immune regulatory molecule; its blocking or stimulating could alter the pattern of immune response towards a desired condition. based on the unique features of nanobodies, we aimed to construct an anti-tim-3 nanobody as an appropriate tool for manipulating immune responses for future therapeutic purposes. materials and meth...

The activity of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a cytokine involved in inflammatory pathologies, can be inhibited by antibodies or trap molecules. Herein, llama-derived variable heavy-chain domains of heavy-chain antibody (VHH, also called Nanobodies™) were generated for the engineering of bivalent constructs, which antagonize the binding of TNF to its receptors with picomolar potencies. Three mon...

purpose: the antigen binding fragments of camelids heavy chain antibodies are comprised in one single domain (vhh). the crystal structure of an isolated vhh indicated that it is a problate particle of 2.5 nm in diameter and ∼4 nm high, and has been referred to as a nanobody. the very close similarity of these molecules to human vhs illustrates the potential application of these novel products ...

OBJECTIVES As T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) is an immune regulatory molecule; its blocking or stimulating could alter the pattern of immune response towards a desired condition. Based on the unique features of nanobodies, we aimed to construct an anti-TIM-3 nanobody as an appropriate tool for manipulating immune responses for future therapeutic purposes. MATERIALS AND METHO...

Vγ9Vδ2-T cells constitute the predominant subset of γδ-T cells in human peripheral blood and have been shown to play an important role in antimicrobial and antitumor immune responses. Several efforts have been initiated to exploit these cells for cancer immunotherapy, e.g. by using phosphoantigens, adoptive cell transfer, and by a bispecific monoclonal antibody based approach. Here, we report t...

Bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD) is caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and results in abortion, stillbirth, and fetal malformation in cows. Here, we constructed the phage display vector pCANTAB 5E-VHH and then transformed it into Escherichia coli TG1-competent cells, to construct an initial anti-BVDV nanobody gene library. We obtained a BVDV-E2 antigen epitope bait prot...

Objective(s): As T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) is an immune regulatory molecule; its blocking or stimulating could alter the pattern of immune response towards a desired condition. Based on the unique features of nanobodies, we aimed to construct an anti-TIM-3 nanobody as an appropriate tool for manipulating immune responses for future therapeutic purposes. Materials and Meth...

The important family of G protein-coupled receptors has so far not been targeted very successfully with conventional monoclonal antibodies. Here we report the isolation and characterization of functional VHH-based immunoglobulin single variable domains (or nanobodies) against the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Two highly selective monovalent nanobodies, 238D2 and 238D4, were obtained using a time-ef...