This paper tries to give the brief overview of different kinds of speech synthesis systems (formant, concatenative and articulatory). General steps, which are involved in the synthesis, are discussed. Moreover, the Klatt synthesizer is also discussed in some detail. This paper also includes the synthesis of Urdu oral vowels (, , æ, , i, e, , o, , , ) using High Level synthesizer (HLSyn)....

–Machine Translation (MT ) of English text to its Urdu equivalent is a difficult challenge. Lot of attempts has been made, but a few limited solutions are provided till now. We present a direct approach, using an expert system to translate English text into its equivalent Urdu, using The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0 (ISBN 0-321-18578-1) Range: 0600–06FF. The expert system works with a knowledg...

Urdu is a national language of Pakistan and spoken more than 200 million people use it as a verbal and written communication. There exists a large amount of unstructured Urdu textual data in the world; by applying data mining techniques useful information can be achieved. However it seriously lacks processing capabilities to develop innovative systems based on Urdu language. In this paper, auth...

In this paper we improve Urdu→Hindi English machine translation through triangulation and transliteration. First we built an Urdu→Hindi SMT system by inducing triangulated and transliterated phrase-tables from Urdu–English and Hindi–English phrase translation models. We then use it to translate the Urdu part of the Urdu-English parallel data into Hindi, thus creating an artificial Hindi-English...

Hindi and Urdu are variants of the same language, but while Hindi is written in the Devnagri script from left to right, Urdu is written in a script derived from a Persian modification of Arabic script written from right to left. The difference in the two scripts has created a script wedge as majority of Urdu speaking people in Pakistan cannot read Devnagri, and similarly the majority of Hindi s...

The recognition of Arabic script and its derivatives such as Urdu, Persian, Pashto etc. is a difficult task due to complexity of this script. Particularly, Urdu text recognition is more difficult due to its Nasta'liq writing style. Nasta'liq writing style inherits complex calligraphic nature, which presents major issues to recognition of Urdu text owing to diagonality in writing, high cursivene...

This paper describes a first approach to a computational semantic analyzer for Urdu on the basis of the deep syntactic analysis done by the Urdu grammar ParGram. Apart from the semantic construction, external lexical resources such as an Urdu WordNet and a preliminary VerbNet style resource for Urdu are developed and connected to the semantic analyzer. These resources allow for a deeper level o...

This paper describes the development of HMM based speech synthesizer for Urdu language using the HTStoolkit. It describes the modifications needed to original HTS-Demo-scripts to port them, for Urdu language, which are currently available for English, Japanese and Portuguese. That includes the generation of the fullcontext style labels and the creation of the Question file for Urdu phone set. F...

Pakistan has a population of 140 million speaking more than 56 different languages. Urdu is the lingua franca of these people, as many speak Urdu as a second language, also the national language of Pakistan. Being a developing population, Pakistani people need access to information. Most of the information over the ICT infrastructure is only available in English and only 5-10% of these people a...

This paper reports on a first experiment with developing a lexical knowledge resource for Urdu on the basis of Hindi WordNet. Due to the structural similarity of Urdu and Hindi, we can focus on overcoming the differences in the scriptual systems of the two languages by using transliterators. Various natural language processing tools, among them a computational semantics based on the Urdu ParGra...